12th Matric Organic Chemistry

The Organic Chemistry section of the 12th Matriculation syllabus provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure, properties, reactions, and practical uses of organic compounds. It aims to develop analytical thinking and problem-solving skills through mechanisms, functional group transformations, and applications relevant to both academics and daily life.

Key Units Covered in Organic Chemistry

1. Hydrocarbons

   • Classification of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

   • IUPAC nomenclature, physical and chemical properties.

   • Mechanisms of electrophilic substitution, addition, and elimination reactions.

2. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

   • Structure and nomenclature.

   • Nature of carbon-halogen bonds.

   • Nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2).

   • Environmental impact of halogenated compounds.

3. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

   • Preparation and properties of alcohols and phenols.

   • Acidity of phenol, electrophilic substitution in phenols.

   • Williamson synthesis of ethers.

4. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

   • Nomenclature and structure.

   • Nucleophilic addition reactions of aldehydes and ketones.

   • Reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives.

5. Organic Nitrogen Compounds

   • Amines: classification, basicity, and preparation methods.

   • Reactions of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

   • Diazonium salts and their synthetic applications.

6. Biomolecules (Introductory Organic Biochemistry)

   • Structure and classification of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.

   • Role of vitamins and hormones.

   • Importance of enzymes and biochemical reactions.

Learning Objectives

• Develop fluency in IUPAC naming and structural formulae.

• Understand the reactivity of organic functional groups and their reaction mechanisms.

• Apply organic chemistry concepts to real-life examples, industries, and entrance-level exams (NEET, CUET, etc.).

• Interpret reaction pathways and synthesize organic molecules from simpler compounds.